;;; Upper CYC(R) Ontology flat-file ;;; Copyright Cycorp 1997. All rights reserved. ;;;Cycorp License Agreement ;;;Cycorp is providing this material from the Cyc(tm) Upper ;;;Ontology at no charge, for everyone to use, including ;;;commercial service use and incorporation into products. ;;;However, it is not 'Public Domain.' Please acknowledge ;;;Cycorp, 3721 Executive Center Dr., Austin, TX 78731 in ;;;any use or citation of this material, and request that each ;;;further user include a full copy of this notice as well, ;;;in any use or citation they make of the material. All ;;;these terms equally apply to renamings and other ;;;logically equivalent reformulations of the material in ;;;any natural or formal language. Cycorp intends to ;;;amend and expand the material from time to time; the ;;;latest version is available at http://www.cyc.com ;;; #$Translation-LocationChange (#$isa #$Translation-LocationChange #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Translation-LocationChange #$Movement-TranslationEvent) (#$comment #$Translation-LocationChange "A collection of translational motion events; a subset of #$Movement-TranslationEvent. In each element of #$Translation-LocationChange, the #$objectMoving ends up in a different place than it started; i.e., the #$fromLocation cannot be the same as the #$toLocation. Thus, a round trip travel event (#$Translation-RoundTrip) is NOT an instance of this collection. See also #$Translation-NoLocationChange.") ;;; #$Translation-MultiPath (#$isa #$Translation-MultiPath #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Translation-MultiPath #$Movement-TranslationEvent) (#$comment #$Translation-MultiPath "A collection of translational motion events; a subset of #$Movement-TranslationEvent. In any element of #$Translation-MultiPath, motion may occur simultaneously along two or more instances of #$Path-Generic (which are not related by subpath/superpath relationships.) Therefore, there must be at least two #$objectMovings in such an event. There may be more than one #$fromLocation and/or more than one #$toLocation. Elements of #$Translation-MultiPath include scattering, distributing, and collecting things. E.g., all of the following exhibit multi-pathway translation movements: a rainshower or snowfall; an exploding firework; water being ejected from a sprinkling system; the surrounding objects being sucked up by a tornado; participants running a 100K footrace; pool balls during the opening break. For non-examples of this, see #$Translation-SinglePath.") ;;; #$Translation-NoLocationChange (#$isa #$Translation-NoLocationChange #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Translation-NoLocationChange #$Movement-TranslationEvent) (#$comment #$Translation-NoLocationChange "A collection of translational motion events; hence a subset of #$Movement-TranslationEvent. In any instance of #$Translation-NoLocationChange, the #$objectMoving undergoes translational motion but ends up where it started --- i.e., there is no NET movement; i.e., its #$fromLocation and #$toLocation are the same. Between the beginning and the end of a #$Translation-NoLocationChange, the #$objectMoving may visit the #$toLocation and the #$fromLocation any number of times. E.g., consider the motion of a person who is born in, and 80 years later dies in, the very same hospital, and has been there a few times in between for operations, visiting patients, etc. A less dramatic example is the motion of your car on a particular day, as it gets moved around, crosses its own path a few times, etc., but ends the day in the same place it started. Elements of #$Translation-NoLocationChange may be periodic or nonperiodic movements. An important subset of #$Translation-NoLocationChange is #$Translation-RoundTrip.") ;;; #$Translation-NonPeriodic (#$isa #$Translation-NonPeriodic #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Translation-NonPeriodic #$Movement-TranslationEvent) (#$genls #$Translation-NonPeriodic #$Movement-NonPeriodic) (#$comment #$Translation-NonPeriodic "The collection of all non-periodic translational movement events, i.e., the intersection of #$Movement-NonPeriodic and #$Movement-TranslationEvent. In each instance of #$Translation-NonPeriodic, the #$objectMoving is in translational motion and does not move back the same position on the regular temporal basis (it can visit the same location multiple times, just not regularly).") ;;; #$Translation-Periodic (#$isa #$Translation-Periodic #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Translation-Periodic #$Movement-TranslationEvent) (#$genls #$Translation-Periodic #$Movement-Periodic) (#$comment #$Translation-Periodic "A collection of periodic movement events; hence a subset of #$Movement-Periodic (q.v.) In any element of #$Translation-Periodic, the periodic motion of the #$objectMoving is translational motion (as opposed, e.g., to rotation). E.g., a ball bouncing in place translates periodically; so does a planet revolving around a star. But not: a planet rotating on its axis, a top spinning in place.") ;;; #$Translation-RoundTrip (#$isa #$Translation-RoundTrip #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Translation-RoundTrip #$Translation-NoLocationChange) (#$comment #$Translation-RoundTrip "A collection of events, #$Translation-RoundTrip is a subset of #$Translation-NoLocationChange. Each element of #$Translation-RoundTrip represents one round trip event. That is, an instance of #$Translation-RoundTrip is a complete translational movement that begins and ends in the same place (thus, the #$fromLocation and #$toLocation are identical). However, a round trip is usually a discontinuous motion (cf. #$Movement-TranslationProcess). In the simplest case, it has exactly one #$outboundLegOfRoundTrip and exactly one #$inboundLegOfRoundTrip, and the trip breaks at the #$destination-RoundTrip, which is the place that the traveller visits in between the two legs of the journey. Thus, in addition to a #$fromLocation and #$toLocation, an instance of #$Translation-RoundTrip also has an #$origin-RoundTrip and #$destination-RoundTrip. The #$origin-RoundTrip is just the same as the #$fromLocation and #$toLocation. For example, in Doug and Mary's trip to Antarctica, the #$origin-RoundTrip was #$CityOfAustinTX, the #$destination-RoundTrip was the #$ContinentOfAntarctica. Thus, the #$CityOfAustinTX was both the #$fromLocation and the #$toLocation of the WHOLE (round) trip, and it was also the #$toLocation of the homeward leg of their trip (#$inboundLegOfRoundTrip). The #$ContinentOfAntarctica was the #$toLocation for their #$outboundLegOfRoundTrip and the #$fromLocation of their homeward leg (i.e., their #$inboundLegOfRoundTrip). Note: to describe a multi-stop `round trip', instead of using #$Translation-RoundTrip one can represent it as a circuit composed of a series of one-way legs.") ;;; #$Translation-SinglePath (#$isa #$Translation-SinglePath #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Translation-SinglePath #$Movement-TranslationEvent) (#$comment #$Translation-SinglePath "A subset of #$Movement-TranslationEvent. Each element of #$Translation-SinglePath is a translational movement which involves exactly one #$pathway-Complete. One or more items may have the role of #$objectMoving in such an event. Note that although there is a single #$pathway-Complete, it does not follow that there is a unique #$fromLocation and a unique #$toLocation because that depends on our descriptions of locations. (A single-pathed movement can be described as from TX to PA, or from Austin to Pittsburgh, or even from Northwest in Austin to Oakland in Pittsburgh.) However, the single #$pathway-Complete connects #$fromLocation and #$toLocation. Consider a translational motion performed by a whole group; it is likely to be a #$Translation-SinglePath --- e.g., a flock of birds flying together, or a snarl of rush-hour traffic on the Beltway. Negative examples (see #$Translation-MultiPath) would be: a set of billiard balls during the opening break, a group of water droplets that come together into one big drop.") ;;; #$Translocation (#$isa #$Translocation #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Translocation #$GeneralizedTransfer) (#$comment #$Translocation "A collection of events; a subset of #$GeneralizedTransfer. Each element of #$Translocation is a transfer of something across a distance. Translocations may have a #$toLocation and a #$fromLocation. #$Translocation is the common generalization of (i.e., a superset of) both #$WavePropagation and #$Movement-TranslationEvent (q.v.). ") ;;; #$Translucent (#$isa #$Translucent #$Transparency) (#$comment #$Translucent "#$Translucent is a #$PhysicalAttribute representing a specific degree of #$Transparency. #$Translucent objects can transmit light, but not enough to see clear images. See also #$transparencyOfObject.") ;;; #$Transparency (#$isa #$Transparency #$MeasurableAttributeType) (#$genls #$Transparency #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$genls #$Transparency #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$Transparency "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Transparency represents a capacity of some tangible object to transmit light. Degrees of #$Transparency may be represented qualitatively (e.g., #$Translucent, #$Transparent, #$Murky, #$Opaque), or using #$GenericValueFunctions. Indicate a particular object's #$Transparency with the predicate #$transparencyOfObject.") ;;; #$Transparent (#$isa #$Transparent #$Transparency) (#$comment #$Transparent "#$Transparent is a #$PhysicalAttribute representing a specific degree of #$Transparency. #$Transparent objects transmit enough light to see clear images. See also #$transparencyOfObject.") ;;; #$TransportFn (#$isa #$TransportFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$TransportFn #$ScriptType) (#$resultGenl #$TransportFn #$TransportingGoods) (#$arg1Isa #$TransportFn #$StuffType) (#$arg1Genl #$TransportFn #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$TransportFn "The function (TransportFn MATERIAL) means an act of transporting materials of type MATERIAL.") ;;; #$TransportViaFn (#$isa #$TransportViaFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$TransportViaFn #$TemporalStuffType) (#$resultGenl #$TransportViaFn #$TransportationEvent) (#$arg1Isa #$TransportViaFn #$ExistingObjectType) (#$arg1Genl #$TransportViaFn #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$comment #$TransportViaFn "(#$TransportViaFn OBJ-TYPE) denotes the collection of #$TransportationEvents in each of which an instance of OBJ-TYPE is a #$transporter. Thus (#$TransportViaFn #$RoadVehicle) is the collection of car driving, truck driving etc.. events.") ;;; #$TransportationCompany (#$isa #$TransportationCompany #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$TransportationCompany #$CommercialServiceOrganization) (#$genls #$TransportationCompany #$Business) (#$comment #$TransportationCompany "A collection of organizations; a subset of #$ServiceOrganizations. An element of #$TransportationCompany is an organization that provide transportation (of goods or persons) to customers for a fee.") ;;; #$TransportationDevice (#$isa #$TransportationDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$TransportationDevice #$Conveyance) (#$comment #$TransportationDevice "A collection of transportation devices; a subset of #$Conveyance. Each element of #$TransportationDevice is an artifact designed to play the role of #$transporter in transportation events. Such devices enable something to be moved, by (for example) carrying, pulling, or pushing the transported things (#$transportees). Transportation devices may or may not have their own power source (see #$SelfPoweredDevice). Those which do, such as automobiles and speedboats, constitute the specialization #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle. Other transportation devices require an external motive force, e.g., instances of #$Wheelbarrow or #$Bicycle. (For more examples, see #$MusclePoweredDevice.) Because #$transporter and #$transportees are specializations of #$objectMoving, it follows that any object in the role of #$transporter moves as a whole with those objects playing the role of #$transportees. Since any instance of #$TransportationDevice has playing the role of #$transporter as its intendend function, stationary objects which cause motion, such as conveyor belts, escalators, rocket launchers, slingshots, etc. are excluded from the category of #$TransportationDevice. Also excluded are devices which, although they facilitate travel, are worn rather than 'ridden on', 'ridden with', or 'ridden in'. Ice skates, shoes, skis and other specializations of #$WearableConveyance fit this exclusionary criterion. Note that this is not the collection of all objects that can be used as transporters. For example, in an event of a man riding on a horse, the horse is the transporter but not an instance of #$TransportationDevice since a horse is not an artifact. So the main difference between transporters and transportation devices is that the latter have to be artifacts while the former do not.") ;;; #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle (#$isa #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle #$TransportationDevice) (#$genls #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle #$SelfPoweredDevice) (#$comment #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle "#$TransportationDevice-Vehicle is the subcollection of #$TransportationDevice whose instances are also instances of #$SelfPoweredDevices, i.e., those that move under their own power. E.g. jet airplanes, automobiles, but not skateboards, gliders, or rowboats. Note that hand pushed gas powered lawnmowers, even though they are #$SelfPoweredDevices, are not instances of #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle because they are not their own #$providerOfMotiveForce when they move, whereas instances of #$LawnMower-Riding are vehicles.") ;;; #$TransportationEvent (#$isa #$TransportationEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$TransportationEvent #$Translation-LocationChange) (#$genls #$TransportationEvent #$Translation-Complete) (#$genls #$TransportationEvent #$Translation-SinglePath) (#$genls #$TransportationEvent #$CausingAnotherObjectsTranslationalMotion) (#$comment #$TransportationEvent "A collection of events. An instance of #$TransportationEvent is an event in which one object (in the role of #$transporter) aids in the translational movement of another object (having the role of #$transportees), so that both objects move together along the same #$pathway-Complete. Optionally, one of these objects, or some third object moving along with them, provides the force to make the movement happen (#$providerOfMotiveForce). Examples of transportation events include automobile transporation, dogs pulling goods on a sled, a wagon with groceries rolling down a hill, a person carrying a suitcase down the street, etc. In that last case, note that the #$transporter is the suitcase, not the person. Things which are NOT #$TransportationEvents (as defined above): a river conveying some flotsam, the wind blowing a leaf, a conveyor belt moving a widget to the next person on the assembly line, or a walking beast of burden without #$transportees on it. In the first 3 of those, the would-be #$transporter doesn't actually change its overall location; in the fourth case, the unburdened beast has no #$transportees. Note: This is a good example, by the way, of how Cyc concepts must be, and are, less ambiguous than words in English or any other natural language. The cost of this is a larger vocabulary that must be used carefully, but the benefits are the ability to share knowledge in un-preconceived ways with others who subscribe to the same set of terms and intended meanings.") ;;; #$TransportingGoods (#$isa #$TransportingGoods #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$isa #$TransportingGoods #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$TransportingGoods #$HandlingAnObject) (#$genls #$TransportingGoods #$HumanActivity) (#$genls #$TransportingGoods #$TransportationEvent) (#$comment #$TransportingGoods "Moving some kind of material from one point to another. Different from just mixing stuff or putting stuff with other stuff.") ;;; #$TransportingPeople (#$isa #$TransportingPeople #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$isa #$TransportingPeople #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$TransportingPeople #$HumanActivity) (#$genls #$TransportingPeople #$TransportationEvent) (#$comment #$TransportingPeople "The subcollection of #$TransportationEvent in each ofwhich instances of #$Person, i.e., human beings are the #$mainTransportees or among the #$mainTransportees. Surely human beingsare usually not the only #$transportees in these instances of #$TransportationEvents (for example, some of these people'spersonal belongings are also among the #$transportees), andone may even think that in most instances of #$TransportationEvent, humanbeings are involved as #$transportees (for example, even adriver can be considered among the #$transportees). The maindifference between this collection and the collection#$TransportingGoods is that there are human beings as #$mainTransportees in instances of #$TransportingPeople, while thereare no human beings as #$mainTransportees in instances of#$TransportingGoods.") ;;; #$Trapping (#$isa #$Trapping #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$Trapping #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Trapping #$TakingCustodyOfAnimal) (#$comment #$Trapping "A collection of events. In an instance of #$Trapping, an animal is taken into custody by using a device that physically captures the body of the animal. The animal may or may not be killed in the event.") ;;; #$TreatmentFn (#$isa #$TreatmentFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$TreatmentFn #$TemporalStuffType) (#$resultIsa #$TreatmentFn #$ScriptType) (#$resultGenl #$TreatmentFn #$MedicalTreatmentEvent) (#$arg1Isa #$TreatmentFn #$PhysiologicalConditionType) (#$arg1Genl #$TreatmentFn #$AilmentCondition) (#$comment #$TreatmentFn "#$TreatmentFn is a Cyc function, and in particular a #$CollectionDenotingFunction. (#$TreatmentFn AILMENT) denotes the subset of #$MedicalTreatmentEvent whose elements are treatments of the ailment AILMENT. For a specific AILMENT, the collection returned as the value of (#$TreatmentFn AILMENT) may be a subset of some more general collection of medical procedures; e.g., standard processes of (#$TreatmentFn #$Depression-PsychologicalCondition) will also be elements of #$PsychologicalTherapy.") ;;; #$Tree-ThePlant (#$isa #$Tree-ThePlant #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Tree-ThePlant #$Plant-Woody) (#$comment #$Tree-ThePlant "A collection of plants; a subset of #$Plant-Woody. Each element of #$Tree-ThePlant is a tree, i.e., a tall woody plant that is usually taller than a person or a bush, generally having a branching form overall, and with roots in the ground, a trunk, and the branches having numerous leaves exposed to the sky. Cf. #$Bush.") ;;; #$TreeOrderedSet (#$isa #$TreeOrderedSet #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$TreeOrderedSet #$PartiallyOrderedSet) (#$comment #$TreeOrderedSet "The collection of all sets with abstract rooted tree structures, in which there is a single root-element and all other elements are reachable along branches from the root-element via a 'successor' ordering relation, such that one element may have multiple successors, but no two elements have the same successor. A #$TreeOrderedSet is a special case of #$PartiallyOrderedSet in which no element has multiple 'parent' nodes. There are no cycles of relations in a #$TreeOrderedSet: from every element, there is exactly one path to the root-element. Many, but not all, taxonomic hierarchies are #$TreeOrderedSets. The end or 'bottom' nodes are sometime called 'leaf nodes'. A #$TotallyOrderedSet or directed chain is a special case of a #$TreeOrderedSet that happens to have no branchings. (Note that #$TreeOrderedSet requires a single root node and therefore excludes mathematical 'forests' consisting of multiple, disconnected #$TreeOrderedSets.)") ;;; #$Trial (#$isa #$Trial #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$Trial #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Trial #$HostileSocialAction) (#$comment #$Trial "The collection of legal conflicts that are heard and decided by a court.") ;;; #$Truck (#$isa #$Truck #$ProductType) (#$isa #$Truck #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Truck #$RoadVehicle) (#$comment #$Truck "The collection of all trucks, large #$RoadVehicles for ground transportation. Trucks are most often used to haul freight, garbage, materials, liquids and other heavy loads. #$FireTrucks take firemen to fires. In many parts of the world, people routinely ride in the backs of Trucks. A Truck has a cab for the driver, separate from the cargo area of the Truck.") ;;; #$True (#$isa #$True #$TruthValue) (#$isa #$True #$Individual) (#$comment #$True "An element of #$TruthValue. #$True is logical truth in Cyc; this is the abstract logical notion--not to be confused with Lisp's T, nor with the English word `true'.") ;;; #$TruthValue (#$isa #$TruthValue #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$TruthValue #$MathematicalObject) (#$comment #$TruthValue "#$TruthValue is a collection of mathematical objects; it contains the abstract, logical objects #$True and #$False.") ;;; #$TubeShape (#$isa #$TubeShape #$ThreeDimensionalShapeType) (#$isa #$TubeShape #$AbstractShapeType) (#$genls #$TubeShape #$ThreeDimensionalShape) (#$genls #$TubeShape #$AbstractShape) (#$comment #$TubeShape "The collection of all tube-like shapes: long, thin, hollow cylinders. Pipes, hoses, smokestacks, etc.") ;;; #$Tumor (#$isa #$Tumor #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Tumor #$BiologicalLivingObject) (#$comment #$Tumor "Each element of this collection is an abnormal tissue mass found in an animal. Instances of #$Tumor include both malignant (cancerous -- see #$Cancer) and benign (non-cancerous) growths which have no normal physiological cause or function within the animal's body.") ;;; #$Tuple (#$isa #$Tuple #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$Tuple #$MathematicalObject) (#$genls #$Tuple #$Situation) (#$comment #$Tuple "A collection of mathematical objects. Each element of #$Tuple is a complex which contains some number (greater than or equal to 1) of ordered (or otherwise indexed) components (it might be a pair, a triple, etc., or there may be a function from column names into their value domains). For example, #$BloodPressureReading is a specialized subset of #$Tuple; each element of #$BloodPressureReading is an ordered or column-indexed pair (of numbers), in which the first is the systolic reading, the second the diastolic reading. Components of tuples need not be restricted to numbers; for example, the entries in a data base (e.g., my address book) also qualify as tuples, whose components are name, address, phone, email address, etc. A significant subset of #$Tuple is #$NTupleInterval (q.v.), whose elements are tuples consisting of intervals only; e.g., complex numbers, physical vectors. Technically, if the index set for the #$Tuple is the counting numbers in their usual order, then the implied order alone can be used to pick a member of the tuple, and the tuple is in fact a #$List-Sequence. In the general case, any index set (distinct column names, for example, in a relational database) may be used to index the members of a tuple, not just their order-postion numbers.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$Tuple #$SENSUS-Information1997 "ORDERED-SET") ;;; #$TurningOffPoweredDevice (#$isa #$TurningOffPoweredDevice #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$TurningOffPoweredDevice #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$TurningOffPoweredDevice #$ChangingDeviceState) (#$comment #$TurningOffPoweredDevice "The collection of actions in which the #$DeviceState of a #$PhysicalDevice changes from #$DeviceOn to #$DeviceOff.") ;;; #$TurningOnPoweredDevice (#$isa #$TurningOnPoweredDevice #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$TurningOnPoweredDevice #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$TurningOnPoweredDevice #$ChangingDeviceState) (#$comment #$TurningOnPoweredDevice "The collection of actions in which the #$DeviceState of a #$PhysicalDevice changes from #$DeviceOff to #$DeviceOn.") ;;; #$Twilight (#$isa #$Twilight #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Twilight #$QualitativeTimeOfDay) (#$comment #$Twilight "The union of the two collections of time intervals #$Dawn and #$Dusk. Each #$Twilight is a situation where the sky is indirectly illuminated by the #$Sun, either just before a #$Sunrise or just after a #$Sunset.") ;;; #$TwoDimensionalShape (#$isa #$TwoDimensionalShape #$ShapeType) (#$genls #$TwoDimensionalShape #$GeometricThing) (#$comment #$TwoDimensionalShape "A collection of geometrical things. Each element of #$TwoDimensionalShape is a physical shapes that exist in two (and not less than two) dimensions. Some are basic geometrical shapes, such as instances of #$Oval, but others can be irregular.") ;;; #$TwoDimensionalShapeType (#$isa #$TwoDimensionalShapeType #$Collection) (#$genls #$TwoDimensionalShapeType #$ShapeType) (#$comment #$TwoDimensionalShapeType "A collection of collections. Each instance of #$TwoDimensionalShapeType is a collection of things which are subsets of #$TwoDimensionalShape.") ;;; #$TwoStoryBuilding (#$isa #$TwoStoryBuilding #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$TwoStoryBuilding #$Building) (#$comment #$TwoStoryBuilding "Collection of all two story buildings.") ;;; #$TypePredicate (#$isa #$TypePredicate #$RelationType) (#$genls #$TypePredicate #$Predicate) (#$comment #$TypePredicate "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$TypePredicate is a predicate used in asserting relations between #$Collections, or between #$Individuals and #$Collections, which in turn imply further assertions involving instances of the #$Collections. Examples: #$primaryActivityType, #$insuredEventTypes, #$anatomicalPartTypeAffected, #$frequencyOfActionType, #$objectTypesCollected.") ;;; #$USCity (#$isa #$USCity #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType) (#$genls #$USCity #$City) (#$comment #$USCity "A collection of cities. Each element of #$USCity is a city in the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica. Note that #$City (q.v.) is widely construed to include towns and villages. Examples of #$USCity: #$CityOfAustinTX, #$CityOfGainesvilleFL, #$CityOfLongBeachCA, #$CityOfArmonkNewYork, #$CityOfEssexJunctionVermont, #$CityOfCambridgeMA, #$CityOfPaloAltoCA, #$CityOfRedmondWA.") ;;; #$USFederalGovernmentOrganization (#$isa #$USFederalGovernmentOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$USFederalGovernmentOrganization #$LegalGovernmentOrganization) (#$comment #$USFederalGovernmentOrganization "A collection of government organizations. An instance of #$USFederalGovernmentOrganization is an element of #$LegalGovernmentOrganization which is part of the #$UnitedStatesFederalGovernment. This collection includes the U.S. military, Federal courts, U.S. Congress, U.S. territorial governments, Federal departments and independent agencies, and the city of Washington, D.C.; it does NOT include U.S. states, interstate compacts, and cities (other than Washington, D.C.).") ;;; #$UltraSound (#$isa #$UltraSound #$WavePropagationType) (#$genls #$UltraSound #$Sound) (#$comment #$UltraSound "A collection of events; a subset of #$Sound. Each element of #$UltraSound is a sound wave having a #$Frequency greater than 20,000 cycles per second, which is above the range of human hearing.") ;;; #$UnalloyedMetal (#$isa #$UnalloyedMetal #$TangibleStuffCompositionType) (#$genls #$UnalloyedMetal #$ElementStuff) (#$genls #$UnalloyedMetal #$Metal) (#$comment #$UnalloyedMetal "A collection of tangible stuffs; a subset of #$Metal. Every instance of #$UnalloyedMetal is a metal which is also an element, i.e., a substance of unmixed chemical type. Thus, each subset of #$UnalloyedMetal is a subset of both #$Metal and #$ElementStuff. Examples of #$UnalloyedMetal include the instances of #$Gold, #$Iron, #$Uranium, #$Antimony, #$Titanium, and many more.") ;;; #$UnaryPredicate (#$isa #$UnaryPredicate #$PredicateCategory) (#$isa #$UnaryPredicate #$Collection) (#$genls #$UnaryPredicate #$Predicate) (#$comment #$UnaryPredicate "#$UnaryPredicate is the subset of #$Predicate whose elements take only a single argument. Note, however, that most unary properties are implemented in Cyc as elements of #$Collection or of #$AttributeValue, rather than of #$UnaryPredicate. So there should not be very many instances of this collection.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$UnaryPredicate #$SENSUS-Information1997 "ONE-PLACE-RELATION") ;;; #$UnaryTypePredicate (#$isa #$UnaryTypePredicate #$Collection) (#$genls #$UnaryTypePredicate #$UnaryPredicate) (#$genls #$UnaryTypePredicate #$InferenceRelatedBookkeepingPredicate) (#$comment #$UnaryTypePredicate "redundant `typing' predicates created for inference efficiency") ;;; #$Unconscious (#$isa #$Unconscious #$Alertness) (#$comment #$Unconscious "#$Unconscious is the #$Alertness attribute of being #$Unconscious. It is the opposite of #$Awake. A specialization of this attribute is #$Asleep.") ;;; #$Underground (#$isa #$Underground #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$Underground "The attribute of a location or region that means that it is below the surface of the ground of a particular place.") ;;; #$UnderlyingGraphFn (#$isa #$UnderlyingGraphFn #$NonPredicateFunction) (#$arg1Isa #$UnderlyingGraphFn #$Thing) (#$arg2Isa #$UnderlyingGraphFn #$MultiGraph) (#$comment #$UnderlyingGraphFn "For each #$PathSystem SYS, (#$UnderlyingGraphFn SYS) denotes the underlying multi-graph of SYS, i.e., the unique #$MultiGraph GRAPH (or the reduction of SYS) such that (#$reductionOfPathSystems SYS GRAPH) holds.") ;;; #$UnemployedPerson (#$isa #$UnemployedPerson #$PersonByActivityType) (#$genls #$UnemployedPerson #$Person) (#$comment #$UnemployedPerson "A collection of persons. Each instance of #$UnemployedPerson is a worker who is unemployed. An unemployed worker is someone who either has worked previously and could still do so (if s/he had a job), or someone who is qualified to work (e.g., a recent graduate) but has not yet worked.") ;;; #$UnincorporatedOrganization (#$isa #$UnincorporatedOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$UnincorporatedOrganization #$Organization) (#$comment #$UnincorporatedOrganization "A collection of organizations. An element of #$UnincorporatedOrganization is an organization that is constituted by one or more people but is not formally incorporated by a government charter. It may be called an association. In many legal jurisdictions, the organization itself is not a #$LegalAgent (q.v.); only its participants are. Typically, an element of #$UnincorporatedOrganization (and thus its participants) are not protected by the limits on liability which are extended to a #$LegalCorporation (q.v.).") ;;; #$UnintendedLossOfUserRights (#$isa #$UnintendedLossOfUserRights #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$UnintendedLossOfUserRights #$LosingUserRights) (#$comment #$UnintendedLossOfUserRights "Nondeliberate loss of some #$UserRightsAttribute; for example, when something is stolen, appropriated, or, in some cases, simply lost.") ;;; #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType (#$isa #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType #$SiblingDisjointCollection) (#$genls #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType #$ExistingObjectType) (#$comment #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType "A collection of collections. Instances are types of #$OrganismParts that occur uniquely in the organisms (#$Organism-Whole) that have them. For example, #$Head-AnimalBodyPart.") ;;; #$UnitOfAcceleration (#$isa #$UnitOfAcceleration #$InterconvertibleUnitType) (#$genls #$UnitOfAcceleration #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$comment #$UnitOfAcceleration "The collection of functions which return elements of Acceleration. For example, the value of the function #$MetersPerSecondPerSecond applied to the real number 9.8 -- (#$MetersPerSecondPerSecond 9.8) -- is 9.8 meters per second squared.") ;;; #$UnitOfAngularAcceleration (#$isa #$UnitOfAngularAcceleration #$InterconvertibleUnitType) (#$genls #$UnitOfAngularAcceleration #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$comment #$UnitOfAngularAcceleration "The collection of functions which return elements of #$AngularAccelerationRate (i.e., the rate of change in the #$RateOfRotation).") ;;; #$UnitOfAngularDistance (#$isa #$UnitOfAngularDistance #$InterconvertibleUnitType) (#$genls #$UnitOfAngularDistance #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$comment #$UnitOfAngularDistance "The collection of functions which return elements of #$AngularDistance. E.g., (#$Radian 5) denotes 5 radians.") ;;; #$UnitOfAngularSpeed (#$isa #$UnitOfAngularSpeed #$InterconvertibleUnitType) (#$genls #$UnitOfAngularSpeed #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$genls #$UnitOfAngularSpeed #$UnitOfRate) (#$comment #$UnitOfAngularSpeed "The collection of functions which return elements of #$RateOfRotation. E.g., (#$RadiansPerSecond 5) denotes a change of 5 radians in angular distance per second.") ;;; #$UnitOfArea (#$isa #$UnitOfArea #$InterconvertibleUnitType) (#$genls #$UnitOfArea #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$comment #$UnitOfArea "The collection of functions which return elements of #$Area; e.g., (#$SquareYard 4) returns an area of 4 square yards.") ;;; #$UnitOfCapacitance (#$isa #$UnitOfCapacitance #$InterconvertibleUnitType) (#$genls #$UnitOfCapacitance #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$comment #$UnitOfCapacitance "The collection of functions which return elements of #$ElectricalCapacitance. E.g., (#$Farad 20) denotes an electrical capacitance of 20 farads.") ;;; #$UnitOfCharge (#$isa #$UnitOfCharge #$InterconvertibleUnitType) (#$genls #$UnitOfCharge #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$comment #$UnitOfCharge "The collection of functions which return elements of #$ElectricalCharge. E.g., (#$Coulomb 3) denotes an electrical charge of 3 coulombs.") ;;; #$UnitOfConcentration (#$isa #$UnitOfConcentration #$InterconvertibleUnitType) (#$genls #$UnitOfConcentration #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$comment #$UnitOfConcentration "The collection of functions which return elements of #$ConcentrationStrength-Generic (i.e., mass of some element of #$ExistingStuffType per unit of #$Volume). E.g., (#$GramsPerMilliliter 0.1) denotes a concentration of 0.1 grams per milliliter of one substance within another.") ;;; #$UnitOfCurrent (#$isa #$UnitOfCurrent #$InterconvertibleUnitType) (#$genls #$UnitOfCurrent #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$comment #$UnitOfCurrent "The collection of functions which return elements of #$ElectricalCurrent. E.g., (#$Ampere 2) denotes an instance of #$ElectricalCurrent that would measure two amps.") ;;; #$UnitOfDistance (#$isa #$UnitOfDistance #$InterconvertibleUnitType) (#$genls #$UnitOfDistance #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$comment #$UnitOfDistance "The collection of functions which return elements of #$Distance; e.g., (#$Mile 26.2) denotes 26.2 miles.") ;;; #$UnitOfEnergy (#$isa #$UnitOfEnergy #$InterconvertibleUnitType) (#$genls #$UnitOfEnergy #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$comment #$UnitOfEnergy "The collection of functions which return elements of #$EnergyAsAQuantity. E.g., (#$Joule 5) denotes 5 joules.") ;;; #$UnitOfFlowRate (#$isa #$UnitOfFlowRate #$InterconvertibleUnitType) (#$genls #$UnitOfFlowRate #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$genls #$UnitOfFlowRate #$UnitOfRate) (#$comment #$UnitOfFlowRate "The collection of functions which return elements of #$FlowRate (i.e.,volume of stuff passing a point per unit of time). E.g., (#$CubicMeter 2000) denotes a #$FlowRate of 2000 cubic meters per second.") ;;; #$UnitOfFrequency (#$isa #$UnitOfFrequency #$InterconvertibleUnitType) (#$genls #$UnitOfFrequency #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$genls #$UnitOfFrequency #$UnitOfRate) (#$comment #$UnitOfFrequency "The collection of functions which are used for expressing how often something occurs during an interval of time, i.e., functions which return an element of #$Frequency. E.g., (#$MegaHertz 89.5) returns a frequency of 89.5 MHz.") ;;; #$UnitOfMass (#$isa #$UnitOfMass #$InterconvertibleUnitType) (#$genls #$UnitOfMass #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$comment #$UnitOfMass "The collection of functions which return elements of #$Mass. E.g. (#$Kilogram 5) denotes 5 kilograms.") ;;; #$UnitOfMeasure (#$isa #$UnitOfMeasure #$RelationType) (#$isa #$UnitOfMeasure #$Collection) (#$genls #$UnitOfMeasure #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$genls #$UnitOfMeasure #$NonPredicateFunction) (#$genls #$UnitOfMeasure #$VariableArityRelation) (#$comment #$UnitOfMeasure "#$UnitOfMeasure is the collection of all functions which return elements of #$ScalarInterval that describe physical quantities such as #$Speed, #$Volume, etc. Those functions are usually grouped into subsets depending on what they measure (e.g., #$UnitOfSpeed,#$UnitOfVolume). Functions which belong to #$UnitOfMeasure are variable-arity relations that take either one or two arguments, both of which must be elements of #$CycSystemRealNumber. If only one argument is given (e.g. (#$Meter 5)), the expression stands for a precise quantity (here, 5 meters); see also #$ScalarPointValue. If two arguments are given (e.g. (#$Meter 5 10)), the expression stands for a closed interval and the arguments are interpreted as the interval's mininum and maximum, respectively. Following are a few example uses of some elements of #$UnitOfMeasure: `10 years': (#$YearsDuration 10) `2 feet': (#$Foot-UnitOfMeasure 2) `50 dollars and 2 cents': (#$Dollar-UnitedStates 50.02) `between 1 and 50 pounds per square inch, inclusive': (#$PoundsPerSquareInch 1 50) `dimensionless quantity between 3 and 4.1, inclusive': (#$Unity 3 4.1).") ;;; #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix (#$isa #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix #$Collection) (#$genls #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$comment #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix "Please see the #$SharedNote #$NoteForUnitOfMeasureWithPrefixAndNoPrefix.") ;;; #$UnitOfMeasureWithPrefix (#$isa #$UnitOfMeasureWithPrefix #$Collection) (#$genls #$UnitOfMeasureWithPrefix #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$comment #$UnitOfMeasureWithPrefix "Please see the #$SharedNote #$NoteForUnitOfMeasureWithPrefixAndNoPrefix.") ;;; #$UnitOfMonetaryFlowRate (#$isa #$UnitOfMonetaryFlowRate #$InterconvertibleUnitType) (#$genls #$UnitOfMonetaryFlowRate #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$genls #$UnitOfMonetaryFlowRate #$UnitOfRate) (#$comment #$UnitOfMonetaryFlowRate "The collection of functions which return elements of #$MonetaryFlowRate (i.e. transfer of money per unit of time). E.g., (#$DollarsPerHour 10) denotes a #$MonetaryFlowRate of $10 per hour.") ;;; #$UnitOfMoney (#$isa #$UnitOfMoney #$InterconvertibleUnitType) (#$genls #$UnitOfMoney #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$comment #$UnitOfMoney "A collection of Cyc functions. #$Dollar-UnitedStates, #$Peso-Mexico, and #$Yen-Japan are each elements of this collection (along with functions for many other nations's monetary units). Each of these is a function which, given real numbers as arguments, returns an instance of the collection #$Money (q.v.). For example, (#$Dollar-UnitedStates 5.99) denotes an element of #$Money whose size, or amount, is five dollars and 99 cents, expressed in the `unit of measure' US dollars; in short, (#$Dollar-UnitedStates 5.99) denotes $5.99. Note: The monetary values associated with the members of #$UnitOfMoney, and the exchange rates between them, fluctuate (sometimes widely) over very short periods of time -- daily, even hourly. In being heavily time-dependent, #$UnitOfMoney is unlike most other subsets of #$UnitOfMeasure.") ;;; #$UnitOfPower (#$isa #$UnitOfPower #$InterconvertibleUnitType) (#$genls #$UnitOfPower #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$comment #$UnitOfPower "The collection of functions which return elements of #$EnergyAsAQuantity. E.g., (#$Watt 5) denotes 5 watts.") ;;; #$UnitOfPressure (#$isa #$UnitOfPressure #$InterconvertibleUnitType) (#$genls #$UnitOfPressure #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$comment #$UnitOfPressure "The collection of functions which return elements of #$Pressure (i.e., force per unit #$Area) or #$Elasticity. E.g., (#$Pascal-UnitOfPressure 175) denotes a #$Pressure of 175 pascals.") ;;; #$UnitOfRate (#$isa #$UnitOfRate #$InterconvertibleUnitType) (#$genls #$UnitOfRate #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$comment #$UnitOfRate "The collection of functions which return elements of #$Rate. This includes any measurement function (see #$UnitOfMeasure) whose #$unitOfMeasureExpansions list includes the factor (-1 #$UnitOfTime). For example, (#$DollarsPerDay 1000) denotes $1000 per day.") ;;; #$UnitOfSpeed (#$isa #$UnitOfSpeed #$InterconvertibleUnitType) (#$genls #$UnitOfSpeed #$UnitOfRate) (#$genls #$UnitOfSpeed #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$comment #$UnitOfSpeed "The collection of functions which return elements of Speed. For example, the value of the function #$MilesPerHour applied to the number five -- (#$MilesPerHour 5) -- is five miles per hour.") ;;; #$UnitOfTemperature (#$isa #$UnitOfTemperature #$InterconvertibleUnitType) (#$genls #$UnitOfTemperature #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$comment #$UnitOfTemperature "The collection of functions which return elements of #$Temperature. E.g., (#$DegreeFahrenheit 451) denotes a #$Temperature of 451 F.") ;;; #$UnitOfTime (#$isa #$UnitOfTime #$InterconvertibleUnitType) (#$genls #$UnitOfTime #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$comment #$UnitOfTime "The collection of functions which return elements of #$Time; e.g., (#$YearsDuration 100) returns a time period equal to a century.") ;;; #$UnitOfVoltage (#$isa #$UnitOfVoltage #$InterconvertibleUnitType) (#$genls #$UnitOfVoltage #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$comment #$UnitOfVoltage "The collection of functions which return elements of #$Voltage. E.g., (#$Volt 120) denotes an electrical voltage of 120 volts.") ;;; #$UnitOfVolume (#$isa #$UnitOfVolume #$InterconvertibleUnitType) (#$genls #$UnitOfVolume #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$comment #$UnitOfVolume "The collection of functions which return elements of #$Volume. E.g., (#$Liter 5) denotes 5 liters.") ;;; #$UnitVector-Precise (#$isa #$UnitVector-Precise #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$UnitVector-Precise #$Vector-Precise) (#$genls #$UnitVector-Precise #$UnitVectorInterval) (#$comment #$UnitVector-Precise "The collection #$UnitVector-Precise is a subset of #$Vector-Precise and of #$UnitVectorInterval. Each element of #$UnitVector-Precise is a vector interval with a magnitude of 1 and a precisely specified direction (e.g., due North, straight down). Thus, one precise unit vector differs from another only in direction, since each vector consists of a magnitude and a direction (in a space of n GreaterThan 1 dimensions). So elements of #$UnitVector-Precise in effect indicate different directions such as `straight up' or `due East'.") ;;; #$UnitVectorInterval (#$isa #$UnitVectorInterval #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$UnitVectorInterval #$VectorInterval) (#$comment #$UnitVectorInterval "The collection #$UnitVectorInterval is a subset of #$VectorInterval. Each element of #$UnitVectorInterval is a vector interval with a magnitude of 1. Thus, one unit vector differs from another only in direction, since each vector consists of a magnitude and a direction (in a space of n GreaterThan 1 dimensions). An element of #$UnitVectorInterval may specify either a precise unit vector or a generalized range of directions such as `in front of'. See also #$UnitVector-Precise. ") ;;; #$UnitedStatesPerson (#$isa #$UnitedStatesPerson #$Nationality) (#$genls #$UnitedStatesPerson #$Person) (#$comment #$UnitedStatesPerson "A collection of persons. Each element of #$UnitedStatesPerson is a person who either was born in the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica or is currently among that country's #$citizens.") ;;; #$UnitedStatesPresident (#$isa #$UnitedStatesPresident #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$UnitedStatesPresident #$Politician) (#$genls #$UnitedStatesPresident #$PublicOfficial) (#$genls #$UnitedStatesPresident #$President-HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState) (#$genls #$UnitedStatesPresident #$UnitedStatesPerson) (#$comment #$UnitedStatesPresident "A collection of persons. Each element of #$UnitedStatesPresident is a person who holds the office of #$UnitedStatesPresident. Examples: #$BillClinton from January 1993 till the present (November 1996); #$RichardNixon from January 1969 till his resignation in 1974; #$LyndonJohnson from Novemeber 1963 till January 1969. Note that ex-U.S. Presidents have, in recent journalistic practice, tended to retain the title `President', although those individuals are no longer members of the collection #$UnitedStatesPresident after they leave office.") ;;; #$Unity (#$isa #$Unity #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$Unity #$DimensionlessUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$Unity #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$isa #$Unity #$StandardUnitOfMeasure) (#$resultIsa #$Unity #$ScalarInterval) (#$resultIsa #$Unity #$IntervalOnNumberLine) (#$argsIsa #$Unity #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$Unity "#$Unity is the standard unit of measure for dimensionless quantities. Like other elements of #$UnitOfMeasure, #$Unity is a variable-arity function whose (one or two) arguments are instances of #$CycSystemRealNumber. Unlike most other elements of #$UnitOfMeasure, #$Unity returns a dimensionless quantity, simply a real number without physical dimensions attached. Thus, the value of (#$Unity .10) is equal to the point scalar 0.10, which is also the same quantity as (#$Percent 10). Both (#$Unity .10) and 0.10 are legitimate instances of #$RealNumber; however, only 0.10 is a legitimate element of #$CycSystemRealNumber (q.v.). #$Unity can be used to return a dimensionless real-number interval as well as a point value; e.g., (#$Unity 3 4) returns the interval that is the range of numbers between 3 and 4, inclusive.") ;;; #$University (#$isa #$University #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$University #$EducationalOrganization) (#$genls #$University #$ResearchOrganization) (#$comment #$University "A collection of educational organizations. An element of #$University is an organization, usually (but not always) called `University', which does university-level teaching and/or research. Some universities comprise multiple `colleges' and professional schools.") ;;; #$UnorderedAttributeType (#$isa #$UnorderedAttributeType #$SiblingDisjointCollection) (#$genls #$UnorderedAttributeType #$AttributeType) (#$comment #$UnorderedAttributeType "A collection of collections. Each element of #$UnorderedAttributeType is a collection of attributes whose values are not ordered over their whole range of possible values. A collection belonging to #$UnorderedAttributeType contains values that are incommensurable with one another. For example, the `suit' attribute of playing cards (unlike the number or face value of the cards) is an unordered attribute in card games where no suit is considered higher than another. The `gender' attribute of animals is an #$UnorderedAttributeType, as well. By contrast, see #$PrimitiveAttributeType.") ;;; #$Up-Directly (#$isa #$Up-Directly #$TerrestrialDirection) (#$isa #$Up-Directly #$UnitVector-Precise) (#$genlAttributes #$Up-Directly #$Up-Generally) (#$comment #$Up-Directly "The direction straight up. In the terrestrial context, #$Up-Directly points in the opposite direction of Earth's gravitational force vector.") ;;; #$Up-Generally (#$isa #$Up-Generally #$TerrestrialDirection) (#$comment #$Up-Generally "The element of #$VectorInterval which comprises the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some reference point) within approximately forty-five degrees of #$Up-Directly.") ;;; #$UpSideDown (#$isa #$UpSideDown #$OrientationAttribute) (#$comment #$UpSideDown "(#$orientation OBJECT #$UpSideDown) means that OBJECT's intrinsic bottom (e.g., the hull of a ship) is above (#$above-Directly) its intrinsic top (e.g., the masthead). Many things don't work properly when upside down, e.g., sailboats, salad bowls, newspapers.") ;;; #$UprightPosture (#$isa #$UprightPosture #$Posture) (#$comment #$UprightPosture "The attribute that describes an #$Animal in an upright, i.e. vertically extended, #$Posture. (#$postureOfAnimal ?ANIM #$UprightPosture) is implied by walking and running, as well as by standing.") ;;; #$UrbanArea (#$isa #$UrbanArea #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$UrbanArea #$HumanResidenceArea) (#$comment #$UrbanArea "A collection of geographical regions; a subset of #$HumanResidenceArea. Each element of #$UrbanArea is a region that has urban features. Elements of #$UrbanArea can be as small as an urban neighborhood, or as big as, say, the New York City Metropolitan Area. By default, urbanness is an intrinsic property of such areas; i.e., every subregion of an element of #$UrbanArea is also an instance of #$UrbanArea. Examples: #$UTAustinCampus, #$WestlakeHills, #$CityOfAustinTX, #$CityOfToulouseFrance, #$CityOfMurmanskUSSR, #$CityOfTaipeiTaiwan, #$ResearchTrianglePark.") ;;; #$UrgeToScratch (#$isa #$UrgeToScratch #$PhysicalUrgeType) (#$genls #$UrgeToScratch #$InternalSensoryAttribute) (#$genls #$UrgeToScratch #$AnimalPhysiologicalAttribute) (#$comment #$UrgeToScratch "This is a #$Collection of physical urges of a certain type, namely the urges that animals have to scratch an itch (and their accompanying internal sensations.)") ;;; #$UrgeToSneeze (#$isa #$UrgeToSneeze #$PhysicalUrgeType) (#$genls #$UrgeToSneeze #$InternalSensoryAttribute) (#$genls #$UrgeToSneeze #$AnimalPhysiologicalAttribute) (#$comment #$UrgeToSneeze "This is a #$Collection of physical urges of a certain type, namely the urges that animals have to sneeze (and their accompanying internal sensations.)") ;;; #$UserRightsAttribute (#$isa #$UserRightsAttribute #$UnorderedAttributeType) (#$genls #$UserRightsAttribute #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$UserRightsAttribute "A collection of attributes. An instance of #$UserRightsAttribute describes what right an agent has to use something. For example, the rights of an owner of a house can be distinguished from the rights of a renter by specifying the appropriate #$UserRightsAttributes. Elements of #$UserRightsAttributes include: #$FullUseRights (the agent can do whatever s/he wants with it), #$ExclusiveUserRights (the agent is the only authorized user), #$PrimaryUserRights (this agent's uses take priority over everyone else's), #$GroupUserRightsAttribute (the agent's right to use something depends on membership in a group), and more.") ;;; #$Utterance (#$isa #$Utterance #$ObjectType) (#$isa #$Utterance #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$Utterance #$InformationBearingWavePropagation) (#$genls #$Utterance #$AnimalSound) (#$comment #$Utterance "A collection of information bearing things (IBTs); a subset of #$AnimalSound. Each element of #$Utterance is a sound which was initially generated by someone speaking or making some sound with the mouth. If such IBTs are recorded and played back, the sound generated is still considered an element of #$Utterance. Examples: your spouse saying `Good morning' today; Ed McMahon saying `Here's Johnny' (on almost innumerable occasions); a child screaming at a playmate; Humphrey Bogart saying `Here's looking at you' on the set of `Casablanca'.") ;;; #$VariableArityRelation (#$isa #$VariableArityRelation #$RelationType) (#$isa #$VariableArityRelation #$Collection) (#$genls #$VariableArityRelation #$Relationship) (#$comment #$VariableArityRelation "A collection of relationships. Each element of #$VariableArityRelation is a relationship that can take a variable number of arguments, making it unlike most relationships, which have a fixed number of argument places. Examples of #$VariableArityRelation include conjunction (#$and) and functions such as addition (#$PlusFn) that accept a variable number of arguments.") ;;; #$Vector-Precise (#$isa #$Vector-Precise #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$Vector-Precise #$VectorInterval) (#$comment #$Vector-Precise "A collection of vectors; a subset of #$VectorInterval. Each element of #$Vector-Precise is an exactly indicated (i.e., point) vector, such as `5 feet due West'. Both direction and distance are precise. Thus, #$Vector-Precise is to #$VectorInterval what #$ScalarPointValue is to #$ScalarInterval. #$Vector-Precise includes all the instances of #$UnitVector-Precise.") ;;; #$VectorFromToFn (#$isa #$VectorFromToFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$VectorFromToFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$VectorFromToFn #$UnitVectorInterval) (#$arg1Isa #$VectorFromToFn #$SpatialThing) (#$arg2Isa #$VectorFromToFn #$SpatialThing) (#$comment #$VectorFromToFn "Returns a #$UnitVectorInterval which corresponds to the set of unit vectors which originate at some point in arg1 and terminate at some point in arg2. For example, `the ball rolled towards Mecca' would be represented as (#$directionOfTranslation-Throughout BallRolling01 (#$VectorFromToFn Ball01 Mecca)). `a ball rolling away from Mecca' would be represented as (#$directionOfTranslation-Throughout BallRolling (#$VectorFromToFn Mecca Ball)). Note that this admits trajectories which are not directly towards a targeted object but which approach at an angle. Note further that (#$VectorFromToFn OBJ REF) assumes that OBJ does not #$spatiallyIntersects REF. See also #$directionBetweenObjects which is roughly interchangeable with #$VectorFromToFn. #$directionBetweenObjects has the advantage that an arbitrarily precise direction may be specified. #$VectorFromToFn saves the user from doing the labor involved with reifiing and from having to know the direction between ?obj1 and ?obj2.). ") ;;; #$VectorInterval (#$isa #$VectorInterval #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$VectorInterval #$NTupleInterval) (#$genls #$VectorInterval #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$VectorInterval "The collection #$VectorInterval is a subset of #$NTupleInterval. Each element of #$VectorInterval is an n-tuple of intervals (where n is GreaterThan 1), one of which is a direction. Like the elements of #$ScalarInterval, the intervals in an element of #$VectorInterval may be point-valued or cover a range of values. The minimal interval (i.e., point-valued) type of vector interval is exemplified by a vector such as `10 meters due east'. Vectors may also cover a range of values; e.g., `at least 10 feet away and in a horizontal direction'; `between ten to twelve miles NNW'.") ;;; #$Vegetable-Food (#$isa #$Vegetable-Food #$DefaultDisjointFoodType) (#$isa #$Vegetable-Food #$ExistingStuffType) (#$genls #$Vegetable-Food #$VegetableMatter) (#$genls #$Vegetable-Food #$Food) (#$comment #$Vegetable-Food "A collection of edible stuff. Each element of #$Vegetable-Food is a foodstuff which is derived from a plant and is ordinarily considered a vegetable; e.g., a carrot (an instance of #$Carrot-Foodstuff), a potato (an instance of #$Potato-Foodstuff), a lima bean (a #$Bean-Foodstuff), a tomato (a #$Tomato-Foodstuff). Note: #$Vegetable-Food includes certain plant parts that are technically classified as fruits by botanists, but which are treated as vegetables in food classification -- such as tomatoes. These would, e.g., be found in the vegetables section of a supermarket, and they satisfy more of the axioms about vegetables than those about fruits (e.g., sweetness.)") ;;; #$Vegetable-Plant (#$isa #$Vegetable-Plant #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Vegetable-Plant #$Plant-NonWoody) (#$comment #$Vegetable-Plant "A collection of plants that play a special role in human nutrition. Each element of #$Vegetable-Plant is a plant that produces the edible things that we normally call `vegetables' (which can include fruits, seeds, stalks, leaves, or other parts, or even the whole plant). The elements of #$Vegetable-Plant grow in gardens and produce the vegetables that are eaten; vegetable plants are not necessarily also elements of #$Food. See #$Vegetable-Food for the collection of vegetables--plants or (more usually) plant parts--that are eaten by humans.") ;;; #$VegetableMatter (#$isa #$VegetableMatter #$ExistingStuffType) (#$genls #$VegetableMatter #$NaturalTangibleStuff) (#$genls #$VegetableMatter #$OrganicStuff) (#$comment #$VegetableMatter "A collection of tangible stuff. Each element of #$VegetableMatter is a piece of stuff (solid, liquid, or, improbably but conceivably, gaseous) which is a piece of vegetable material. This includes all instances of #$PlantProduct (such as elements of its subsets #$VegetableOil, #$TobaccoLeaf, #$Jute-Fiber, #$VanillaExtract, etc.), as well as naturally occurring pieces of vegetable matter (e.g., a clod of peat in a bog, an apple hanging on a tree, a mushroom growing wild in a forest).") ;;; #$Verb (#$isa #$Verb #$LinguisticObjectType) (#$genls #$Verb #$SpeechPart) (#$comment #$Verb "The collection of all verbs. Verbs usually denote events, states, or processes. Verbs can be conjugated. Example: `eat'.") ;;; #$Vermin (#$isa #$Vermin #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Vermin #$NonPersonAnimal) (#$comment #$Vermin "A collection of animals considered undesirable to find living in human habitation buildings or other facilities. ") ;;; #$Vertebrate (#$isa #$Vertebrate #$BiologicalTaxon) (#$genls #$Vertebrate #$Animal) (#$comment #$Vertebrate "A collection of animals; one of the #$taxonMembers of the #$ChordataPhylum. Each element of #$Vertebrate is an animal that has a backbone or spine made of bony or cartilaginous vertebrae, which may be separate or fused. #$Vertebrate includes the most familiar animals, viz., the instances of #$Mammal, #$Reptile, #$Bird, #$Fish. Some biologists class the 'Vertebrata' as a sub-phylum of the #$ChordataPhylum. #$Vertebrate excludes Amphioxus.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$Vertebrate #$SENSUS-Information1997 "VERTEBRATE") ;;; #$VerticalDirection (#$isa #$VerticalDirection #$TerrestrialDirection) (#$comment #$VerticalDirection "The element of #$VectorInterval that comprises all the vectors that are parallel to #$Up-Directly and #$Down-Directly.") ;;; #$VerticalOrientation (#$isa #$VerticalOrientation #$OrientationAttribute) (#$comment #$VerticalOrientation "(#$orientation OBJECT #$VerticalOrientation) means that OBJECT is vertical with respect to the current instance of #$FrameOfReference. A linear (#$LongAndThin) object is vertical if and only if its longest dimension is perpendicular to horizontal (#$HorizontalDirection). A planar (#$SheetShaped) object has #$VerticalOrientation if and only if its planar surface is perpendicular to the current horizontal plane. Typically, vertical objects include window panes, skyscrapers, trees, radio towers, and walls.") ;;; #$VeryAlert (#$isa #$VeryAlert #$Alertness) (#$genlAttributes #$VeryAlert #$Awake) (#$comment #$VeryAlert "#$VeryAlert is an #$Alertness attribute which is a specialization of #$Awake. It is the state of an #$Animal paying particular attention to its environment (or a specific aspect thereof). It is the state an #$Antelope is in after smelling a #$Lion, or a burglar is in after hearing the front door open.") ;;; #$VeryHighAmountFn (#$isa #$VeryHighAmountFn #$GenericValueFunction) (#$resultIsa #$VeryHighAmountFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$arg1Isa #$VeryHighAmountFn #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$arg1Genl #$VeryHighAmountFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$VeryHighAmountFn "#$VeryHighAmountFn is a Cyc function, in particular, an element of #$IndividualDenotingFunction. It is one of several functions used to denote so-called `generic' values for a wide variety of attributes. When ATT is a type of attribute, (#$VeryHighAmountFn ATT) returns an instance of ATT which is considered `a very high amount of' ATT in the current context. A very high amount of ATT is more than (#$MediumAmountFn ATT).") ;;; #$VeryLowAmountFn (#$isa #$VeryLowAmountFn #$GenericValueFunction) (#$resultIsa #$VeryLowAmountFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$arg1Isa #$VeryLowAmountFn #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$arg1Genl #$VeryLowAmountFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$VeryLowAmountFn "#$VeryLowAmountFn is a Cyc function, in particular, an element of #$IndividualDenotingFunction. It is one of several functions used to denote so-called `generic' amounts of a wide variety of attributes. When ATT is a type of attribute, (#$VeryLowAmountFn ATT) returns an instance of ATT which is considered a very low amount of ATT in the current context. A very low amount of ATT is more than (#$NoAmountFn ATT) but less than (#$LowAmountFn ATT). For example, it is bad for a politician to have (#$VeryLowAmountFn #$Credibility), though not uncommon.") ;;; #$VeterinaryHospital (#$isa #$VeterinaryHospital #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$VeterinaryHospital #$LocalCustomerContactPoint) (#$genls #$VeterinaryHospital #$MedicalCareOrganization) (#$comment #$VeterinaryHospital "The collection of all local organizations that provide professional medical care to non-human animals. Note that this is not a specialization of Hospital. The names may be the same, but hospitals provide medical care to persons only.") ;;; #$VibrationThroughAMediumSensor (#$isa #$VibrationThroughAMediumSensor #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$VibrationThroughAMediumSensor #$Sensor) (#$comment #$VibrationThroughAMediumSensor "A subset of #$Sensor, namely those sensors that detect amplitude and frequency of vibrations through a physical medium. This includes ears, skin, and also artificial devices such as microphones, seismographs, etc. Note: #$Eyes are not #$VibrationThroughAMediumSensors because there need not be any physical medium for electromagnetic wave propagation. This is a somewhat close call, and indeed in past centuries most people believed that light propagated through aether, but what it comes down to is this: consider all the axioms that apply only to the structure, function, and operation, failure, etc. of a #$VibrationThroughAMediumSensor, and of that set how many hold true for eyes --- and the answer is No, most of them don't. So parsimony dictates that #$Eye not be a subset of #$VibrationThroughAMediumSensor.") ;;; #$Vine-Plant (#$isa #$Vine-Plant #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Vine-Plant #$Plant) (#$genls #$Vine-Plant #$TerrestrialOrganism) (#$comment #$Vine-Plant "The collection of vine plants, #$Plants that are in the form (gross form and habit) of long tendrils or long, narrow, flexible ropy strands.") ;;; #$Virus (#$isa #$Virus #$OrganismClassificationType) (#$genls #$Virus #$Organism-Whole) (#$genls #$Virus #$BiologicalLivingObject) (#$comment #$Virus "The collection of tiny microbes called viruses, each consisting mainly of a capsid (capsule chamber) containing viral DNA or RNA. Viruses have no cells, but reproduce by inserting into living cells the viral DNA or RNA, which then uses cellular mechanisms to create new viruses. Viruses cause many diseases in all other organisms; some can infect elements of #$Bacterium. #$Virus excludes prions, bacteria, rickettsia, and protists.") ;;; #$Visa-Permit (#$isa #$Visa-Permit #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Visa-Permit #$Credential) (#$genls #$Visa-Permit #$Permission) (#$genls #$Visa-Permit #$LegalAgreement) (#$comment #$Visa-Permit "A collection of permissions. Each element of #$Visa-Permit is an authorization issued by the government of some country to one (or more) person(s), stating that s/he is allowed to enter that country and remain for a certain period of time while engaging in certain specified activities (e.g., study, travel, work). Examples: (United States) #$H1WorkVisa, #$F1WorkVisa, #$GreenCard.") ;;; #$Viscosity (#$isa #$Viscosity #$MeasurableAttributeType) (#$genls #$Viscosity #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$genls #$Viscosity #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$Viscosity "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Viscosity represents a specific viscosity (i.e., `runniness') of some #$LiquidTangibleThing. The lower the viscosity of a liquid, the more easily it flows or spreads out. Different viscosities may be represented with a #$GenericValueFunction (q.v.), or by using some common substance as a reference (e.g., #$ViscousAsWater, #$ViscousAsHoney). Vicosities of objects are indicated with the predicate #$viscosityOfSubstance.") ;;; #$Visibility (#$isa #$Visibility #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$genls #$Visibility #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$genls #$Visibility #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$Visibility "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$ScalarInterval. Each element of #$Visibility is a characterization of how clear the ambient fluid at a location is. Higher values indicate one can see farther (than one could have at lower values at the same location). Different degrees of visibility may be designated using a #$GenericValueFunction. Visibility at a location is expressed with the predicate #$ambientVisibility.") ;;; #$VisibleLight (#$isa #$VisibleLight #$WavePropagationType) (#$genls #$VisibleLight #$ElectromagneticRadiation) (#$comment #$VisibleLight "A collection of events; a subset of #$ElectromagneticRadiation. Each element of #$VisibleLight is an instance of electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength approximately between 3800 and 7750 #$Angstroms, i.e., light visible to human eyes.") ;;; #$VisitingSomeone (#$isa #$VisitingSomeone #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$VisitingSomeone #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$VisitingSomeone #$DirectedTranslation) (#$genls #$VisitingSomeone #$Translation-SinglePath) (#$genls #$VisitingSomeone #$Translation-LocationChange) (#$genls #$VisitingSomeone #$SociabilityBasedAction) (#$comment #$VisitingSomeone "A collection of actions. In a #$VisitingSomeone event, one #$Agent travels or moves to the vicinity of another #$Agent for the purpose of meeting with that other #$Agent. Each #$VisitingSomeone is purposeful, at least on the part of the #$Agent doing the travelling, and that #$Agent is typically a #$Person, and the purpose is often social in nature.") ;;; #$VisualCommunicating (#$isa #$VisualCommunicating #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$VisualCommunicating #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$VisualCommunicating #$Communicating) (#$comment #$VisualCommunicating "A collection of information transfer events; a subset of #$Communicating. Each element of #$VisualCommunicating is an action in which information is transmitted by visual media. Every element of #$VisualCommunicating has at least one #$communicationToken which is an instance of #$VisualInformationSource. Examples of #$VisualCommunicating: a performance by mime Marcel Marceau; Seiji Ozawa conducting the Boston Symphony Orchestra; a policeman directing traffic; shaking a fist at someone in anger; sending a message with flags, light pulses, or smoke signals.") ;;; #$VisualImage (#$isa #$VisualImage #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$VisualImage #$InformationBearingWavePropagation) (#$genls #$VisualImage #$VisibleLight) (#$comment #$VisualImage "A collection of information bearing things (IBTs); a subset of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation. Each element of #$VisualImage is a pattern of visible light which contains information for an observer familiar with the interpretive conventions. An observer sees the pattern. Visual images may be produced by illuminating some instance of #$VisualInformationSource, which is a tangible object (e.g., a photograph, movie film, or page of print), or by direct manipulation of light(s) to produce a pattern (e.g., nautical code lights). Visual images may be instantaneous or extended in time. Visual images may be classified by features of their appearance (e.g., #$ColorImage, #$BlackAndWhiteImage), by their origin (e.g., #$XRayImage, #$PenOrPencilDrawing, #$SatelliteImage), their content (e.g., #$LandscapeImage), and other distinctions.") ;;; #$VisualInformationConveyingAct (#$isa #$VisualInformationConveyingAct #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$VisualInformationConveyingAct #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$VisualInformationConveyingAct #$IBTGeneration-Original) (#$comment #$VisualInformationConveyingAct "The collection of actions that express (transmit) visual information.") ;;; #$VisualInformationSource (#$isa #$VisualInformationSource #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$VisualInformationSource #$InformationBearingThing) (#$comment #$VisualInformationSource "A collection of information bearing things (IBTs). Each element of #$VisualInformationSource is an IBT from which information is extracted by viewing it (with the appropriate interpretive conventions). Examples of #$VisualInformationSource include handwritten letters; newspapers and other print media objects; paintings, sculpture, and other visual art objects; projected images, neon signs, etc. The information content of instances of #$VisualInformationSource may or may not be propositional in nature.") ;;; #$VisualMark (#$isa #$VisualMark #$ExistingStuffType) (#$genls #$VisualMark #$VisualInformationSource) (#$comment #$VisualMark "A collection of information bearing things (IBTs); a subset of #$VisualInformationSource. Each element of #$VisualMark is a visible marking on some object. Visual markings may be applied to an object using ink, paint, or pencil; they may be engraved into or molded out of the object's material; they may be made of other objects affixed to or resting on the object (e.g., a plaque bearing a house number); or they may consist of contrasting areas of color or light level (e.g., markings on a computer screen).") ;;; #$VisualPerception (#$isa #$VisualPerception #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$VisualPerception #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$VisualPerception #$Perceiving) (#$comment #$VisualPerception "The collection of sensory #$Perceivings in which a #$PerceptualAgent #$sees something by means of an #$ElectroMagneticRadiationSensor detecting wavelengths of visible light, and thereby acquires information about it. Note: one eye is sufficient for #$VisualPerception, and limited short-distance #$DepthPerception, but `true' long-distance #$DepthPerception requires two eyes.") ;;; #$VisualRepresentationMicrotheory (#$isa #$VisualRepresentationMicrotheory #$MicrotheoryType) (#$genls #$VisualRepresentationMicrotheory #$PropositionalInformationThing) (#$comment #$VisualRepresentationMicrotheory "A collection of microtheories. Each element of #$VisualRepresentationMicrotheory is a context in which to state the propositional content of a particular visual representation. Visual representations include paintings, photographs, digitized images, moving pictures, statues, etc. For example, a visual representation microtheory of the #$StatueOfLiberty would include such assertions as `a woman holds up a torch in her right hand', `the woman is dressed in a neo-Classical robe', etc.; it would NOT include such information as, e.g., the #$StatueOfLiberty is made of copper or the #$StatueOfLiberty is in New York harbor.") ;;; #$Volatility (#$isa #$Volatility #$MeasurableAttributeType) (#$genls #$Volatility #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$genls #$Volatility #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$Volatility "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Volatility represents the specific readiness of some liquid to evaporate. Higher volatility indicates a faster rate of evaporation. Volatilities of substances are indicated with the predicate #$volatilityOfSubstance.") ;;; #$Volt (#$isa #$Volt #$UnitOfVoltage) (#$isa #$Volt #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$isa #$Volt #$MKSUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$Volt #$StandardUnitOfMeasure) (#$resultIsa #$Volt #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$resultIsa #$Volt #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$Volt #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$Volt "The basic unit of electrical potential in the MKS system. It is defined as one watt per ampere.") ;;; #$Volume (#$isa #$Volume #$DerivedNumericAttributeType) (#$genls #$Volume #$ScalarInterval) (#$genls #$Volume #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$comment #$Volume "A collection of physical attributes. Each element of #$Volume is an amount of three-dimensional space occupied by one or more three-dimensional objects. Elements of #$Volume may be either a fixed interval, such as the volume of a five-gallon aquarium, or a range, such as 'fits in a bread box'. See #$UnitOfVolume for the units used by Cyc to measure volumes.") ;;; #$VoluntaryBodyMovement (#$isa #$VoluntaryBodyMovement #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$VoluntaryBodyMovement #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$VoluntaryBodyMovement #$BodyMovementEvent) (#$comment #$VoluntaryBodyMovement "The collection of acts concerned with an agent's intentionally moving one part of its body relative to another part of its body. The energy source is the agent's own body, not some external force. Each instance of #$WavingAHand is an instance of #$VoluntaryBodyMovement --- the focus of that action is on the hand moving relative to the body. By way of constrast, an instance of #$OpeningADrawer is probably not going to be an instance of #$VoluntaryBodyMovement, even though the person opening the drawer probably does move their hand relative to their body, because the focus of the #$OpeningADrawer action is not on the hand moving, but rather on the drawer opening.") ;;; #$WagingWar (#$isa #$WagingWar #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$WagingWar #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$WagingWar #$HumanActivity) (#$comment #$WagingWar "The fighting of two or more armies through the use of weapons. The same as doing battle.") ;;; #$Wagon (#$isa #$Wagon #$ProductType) (#$isa #$Wagon #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Wagon #$MusclePoweredDevice) (#$genls #$Wagon #$LandTransportationDevice) (#$genls #$Wagon #$ContainerProduct) (#$comment #$Wagon "The collection of all carts and wagons, relatively small non-motorized wheeled devices with two or more wheels, used for moving goods. Usually they are human-powered or #$EquineAnimal driven.") ;;; #$WakingUpFromSleep (#$isa #$WakingUpFromSleep #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$WakingUpFromSleep #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$WakingUpFromSleep #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent) (#$genls #$WakingUpFromSleep #$SingleDoerAction) (#$genls #$WakingUpFromSleep #$AnimalActivity) (#$comment #$WakingUpFromSleep "The collection of events in which an #$Animal goes from the state of being asleep to being in a waking state.") ;;; #$WallOfAConstruction (#$isa #$WallOfAConstruction #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$WallOfAConstruction #$ConstructionArtifact) (#$comment #$WallOfAConstruction "Any wall which is a part of a #$HumanShelterConstruction. This includes includes the walls on the outside of the building as well as those on the inside such as the wall separating two rooms in a house.") ;;; #$Warplane (#$isa #$Warplane #$ProductType) (#$isa #$Warplane #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Warplane #$MilitaryAircraft) (#$genls #$Warplane #$Airplane) (#$genls #$Warplane #$Weapon) (#$comment #$Warplane "The collection of all #$Airplanes which are designed (and often used) as weapons of war.") ;;; #$Warranty (#$isa #$Warranty #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Warranty #$AuthorizedAgreement) (#$comment #$Warranty "A collection of agreements; a subset of #$AuthorizedAgreement. Each element of #$Warranty is an agreement between the seller (and/or manufacturer) and the purchaser of some object or service. In a warranty, the seller/manufacturer promises that the object or service will be satisfactory in some indicated way (e.g., free of defects, effective, etc.). Usually a warranty specifies what compensation an unsatisfied purchaser is entitled to (e.g., free repairs, a refund), and how s/he can claim it.") ;;; #$Washing (#$isa #$Washing #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Washing #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Washing #$Cleaning) (#$comment #$Washing "A collection of events, and a subset of #$Cleaning. In a #$Washing event, some #$Water is being employed in the cleaning, typically with some surfactant such as soap dissolved in the water. If only water (i.e., no soap) is used in a #$Washing, then the event also belongs to a particular subset of #$Washing, namely #$Rinsing.") ;;; #$WatchingSomething (#$isa #$WatchingSomething #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$WatchingSomething #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$WatchingSomething #$SingleDoerAction) (#$genls #$WatchingSomething #$VisualPerception) (#$genls #$WatchingSomething #$PurposefulAction) (#$comment #$WatchingSomething "A collection of events involving the deliberate direction of #$VisualPerception on the part of an #$Agent.") ;;; #$Water (#$isa #$Water #$ObjectType) (#$isa #$Water #$ChemicalCompoundType) (#$genls #$Water #$Oxide) (#$comment #$Water "A collection of tangible things; a subset of #$Oxide. Each instance of #$Water is one piece of all the portions of the chemical compound H2O. Those instances may be in a gaseous, liquid, or solid #$stateOfMatter; they may be salty, not salty, drinkable, or not drinkable. Examples of #$Water include portions of the ocean, such as the #$BayOfBiscay and the #$BayOfBengal (see also #$SeaWater); bodies of fresh water, such as #$NiagaraFalls or the #$GangesRiver; quantities of chlorinated water (see #$PoolWater); and the contents of bottles of tonic water (see #$SeltzerWater). Things that have one or more important properties different from water's, but consist mostly of water, don't belong to the collection #$Water but have an element of #$Water as their #$mainConstituent; e.g., urine, coffee, lemonade.") ;;; #$Water-Saline (#$isa #$Water-Saline #$TangibleStuffCompositionType) (#$genls #$Water-Saline #$Water) (#$comment #$Water-Saline "A collection of tangible things; a subset of #$Water. Each element of #$Water-Saline is a portion of water with some substantial concentration of salt mixed into it. For example, the #$RedSea, #$GreatSaltLake, or the salt water I mix up for gargling.") ;;; #$WaterTransportationDevice (#$isa #$WaterTransportationDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$WaterTransportationDevice #$TransportationDevice) (#$comment #$WaterTransportationDevice "A collection of transportation devices. An instance of #$WaterTransportationDevice is a vehicle used for transportation on or through water (not a device for transporting water). Subsets of #$WaterTransportationDevice include the collections #$Ship, #$Boat-WaterTransportationDevice, #$Sailboard, #$JetSki, etc.") ;;; #$Watt (#$isa #$Watt #$UnitOfPower) (#$isa #$Watt #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$isa #$Watt #$MKSUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$Watt #$StandardUnitOfMeasure) (#$resultIsa #$Watt #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$resultIsa #$Watt #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$Watt #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$Watt "This is the basic unit of power in the metric system and the basic #$UnitOfPower in CYC. It is a newton-meter per second or a joule per second.") ;;; #$WaveEmissionFn (#$isa #$WaveEmissionFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$WaveEmissionFn #$ScriptType) (#$resultIsa #$WaveEmissionFn #$TemporalStuffType) (#$resultGenl #$WaveEmissionFn #$EmittingAWave) (#$arg1Isa #$WaveEmissionFn #$WavePropagationType) (#$arg1Genl #$WaveEmissionFn #$WavePropagation) (#$comment #$WaveEmissionFn "#$WaveEmissionFn is a Cyc function, specifically a #$CollectionDenotingFunction. (#$WaveEmissionFn WAVETYPE) denotes a collection of events which is a subset of #$EmittingAWave; each element of (#$WaveEmissionFn WAVETYPE) is an event in which an instance of #$WavePropagation of the type WAVETYPE is emitted at a #$fromLocation. For example, (#$WaveEmissionFn #$VisibleLight) denotes the collection of events in which visible light waves are emitted.") ;;; #$WavePropagation (#$isa #$WavePropagation #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$WavePropagation #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$WavePropagation #$PhysicalEvent) (#$genls #$WavePropagation #$Translocation) (#$comment #$WavePropagation "A collection of events. Each element of #$WavePropagation is an event in which a wavelike disturbance propagates through space, with or without a medium. A wave propagation is like a translational movement in that it can have a #$fromLocation and a #$toLocation, but differs in that there is no #$objectMoving. #$Sound and #$ElectromagneticRadiation are types of #$WavePropagation. Elements of #$WavePropagation include the sounds from exploding firecrackers at Penn State's Homecoming celebration in 1989; the light shining from my desk lamp right now; the X-rays generated in the dentist's office last Tuesday, for examining my teeth.") ;;; #$WavePropagationType (#$isa #$WavePropagationType #$SiblingDisjointCollection) (#$genls #$WavePropagationType #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$WavePropagationType #$Collection) (#$comment #$WavePropagationType "A collection of collections. Each element of #$WavePropagationType is itself a collection, containing one type of #$WavePropagation events. Examples include the collections #$ElectromagneticRadiation, #$Sound, #$VisibleLight, and #$XRay.") ;;; #$WaveReceptionFn (#$isa #$WaveReceptionFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$WaveReceptionFn #$TemporalStuffType) (#$resultGenl #$WaveReceptionFn #$ReceivingAWave) (#$arg1Isa #$WaveReceptionFn #$WavePropagationType) (#$arg1Genl #$WaveReceptionFn #$WavePropagation) (#$comment #$WaveReceptionFn "#$WaveReceptionFn is a Cyc function, specifically a #$CollectionDenotingFunction. (#$WaveReceptionFn WAVETYPE) denotes a collection of events which is a subset of #$ReceivingAWave; each element of (#$WaveReceptionFn WAVETYPE) is an event in which an instance of #$WavePropagation of the type WAVETYPE is received at some #$toLocation. For example, (#$WaveReceptionFn #$AudibleSound) denotes the collection of events in which audible sound waves are received.") ;;; #$Weapon (#$isa #$Weapon #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Weapon #$PhysicalDevice) (#$genls #$Weapon #$SolidTangibleProduct) (#$comment #$Weapon "A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$Weapon is a device primarily designed for destructive action against animals (often against other sentient beings, most often humans) and/or their habitats (or, more rarely, some class of possessions of theirs.) This collection includes weapons as traditionally defined (e.g., instances of #$Sword, instances of #$Gun-Portable, #$Bombs, etc.) and also miscellaneous military vehicles and hardware used to kill, to destroy, to immobilize, etc. in military operations (such as the elements of #$Warplane, #$ModernNavalShip, #$Tank-Vehicle, etc.) Note that in the case of missile weapons, both the launcher and the ammunition are considered #$Weapons in this sense. E.g., a bow, an arrow, a missile launcher, an ICBM missile, a gun, a bullet. This may seem odd at first glance, but in many contexts most of the same axioms apply to both. Even in our linguistic utterances this carries over; e.g., if asked what killed JFK we can say a rifle, or a bullet from a rifle. Of course there are specializations (subsets) of #$Weapon that limit themselves to `the real weapon itself' and to `ammunition for missile weapons.'") ;;; #$WearingSomething (#$isa #$WearingSomething #$SituationType) (#$genls #$WearingSomething #$PhysicalContactSituation) (#$genls #$WearingSomething #$Configuration) (#$comment #$WearingSomething "A collection of situations; a subset of #$Configuration. Such a configuration has a temporal as well as a spatial extent, but activity is not implied. Each element of #$WearingSomething is an arrangement of tangible objects, one of which is wearing the other(s). Typically the wearer is a living person or animal, although surrogates are possible (e.g., mannequins, dolls, or corpses). Objects worn are elements of #$SomethingToWear. See also #$wearer, #$wearsClothing.") ;;; #$WeatherAttribute (#$isa #$WeatherAttribute #$UnorderedAttributeType) (#$genls #$WeatherAttribute #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$WeatherAttribute "A collection of attributes. Each element of #$WeatherAttribute is an attribute that can be used to describe the weather occurring in a geographic region. Examples: #$Snowy, #$Foggy. See also #$weatherAttributes.") ;;; #$WeatherEvent (#$isa #$WeatherEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$WeatherEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$WeatherEvent (#$MeaningInSystemFn #$SENSUS-Information1997 "AMBIENT-PROCESS")) (#$genls #$WeatherEvent #$PhysicalEvent) (#$comment #$WeatherEvent "A collection of events. Each element of #$WeatherEvent is a meteorological event of some duration, occurring over some spatial region. Some weather events are almost instantaneous (e.g., elements of the collection #$LightningEvent); others encompass an entire #$AnnualClimateCycle. Spatially, weather events may cover a small locality or a large portion of a continent. Weather events are regional weather (in the short term) and are, or partially constitute, the annual climate of a region (in the long term).") ;;; #$WeeklyEventType (#$isa #$WeeklyEventType #$Collection) (#$genls #$WeeklyEventType #$TemporalObjectType) (#$comment #$WeeklyEventType "The collection of event-types that occur weekly. Each #$WeeklyEventType is a collection of events, all of which are synchronized with the calendar and which occur once a week. E.g., once instance #$WeeklyEventType is #$CycStaffMeeting, since there is an instance of #$CycStaffMeeting once a week.") ;;; #$West-Directly (#$isa #$West-Directly #$UnitVector-Precise) (#$isa #$West-Directly #$GeographicalDirection) (#$genlAttributes #$West-Directly #$West-Generally) (#$comment #$West-Directly "Due West, an element of #$TerrestrialDirection.") ;;; #$West-Generally (#$isa #$West-Generally #$GeographicalDirection) (#$comment #$West-Generally "The general direction of West. The element of #$VectorInterval that comprises the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some reference point) within approximately forty-five degrees of #$West-Directly.") ;;; #$WhiteCollar (#$isa #$WhiteCollar #$JobAttribute) (#$comment #$WhiteCollar "An attribute; an element of #$JobAttribute. White collar jobs are those requiring little or no manual/physical labor; they are usually indoor jobs.") ;;; #$WildAnimal (#$isa #$WildAnimal #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$WildAnimal #$NonPersonAnimal) (#$comment #$WildAnimal "The collection of all animals that are not domesticated or tame. Note that a captive animal may still be a wild animal, e.g., zoo animals that are not tame or domesticated. Cf. #$CaptiveAnimal, #$DomesticatedAnimal.") ;;; #$WindPoweredDevice (#$isa #$WindPoweredDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$WindPoweredDevice #$KineticEnergyPoweredDevice) (#$comment #$WindPoweredDevice "The subset of #$KineticEnergyPoweredDevice (q.v.) whose elements are powered by the wind. For example, instances of the collection #$Windmill.") ;;; #$WindProcess (#$isa #$WindProcess #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$WindProcess #$Translation-Flow) (#$genls #$WindProcess #$ImmediateWeatherProcess) (#$comment #$WindProcess "The collection of events in which the ambient air at a #$GeographicalRegion (or some significant part of the total air mass) is in motion.") ;;; #$WindowPane (#$isa #$WindowPane #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$WindowPane #$SolidTangibleProduct) (#$comment #$WindowPane "Each individual pane in a window. A window may only have one window pane.") ;;; #$WindowPortal (#$isa #$WindowPortal #$RegionType) (#$genls #$WindowPortal #$Portal) (#$genls #$WindowPortal #$PartOfBuilding) (#$comment #$WindowPortal "Windows are one kind of portal found in a human occupation construct. They are usually covered by #$WindowThePortalCovering, which is the physical object made primarily of glass through which one can see.") ;;; #$WindowThePortalCovering (#$isa #$WindowThePortalCovering #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$WindowThePortalCovering #$PortalCovering) (#$genls #$WindowThePortalCovering #$PartOfBuilding) (#$comment #$WindowThePortalCovering "The physical object which 'covers' or fills in the #$WindowPortal. It is a physical barrier, but because it is made primarily of glass, it allows light to enter.") ;;; #$WinterSeason (#$isa #$WinterSeason #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$WinterSeason #$SeasonOfYear) (#$comment #$WinterSeason "The collection of Winter seasons. In the #$TemperateClimateCycle, generally a time of cold and dormancy. #$WinterSeason represents the climatic aspects of Winter; for its purely temporal aspects, see #$CalendarWinter.") ;;; #$WomensClothing (#$isa #$WomensClothing #$ProductType) (#$isa #$WomensClothing #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$WomensClothing #$SheetOfSomeStuff) (#$genls #$WomensClothing #$SomethingToWear) (#$comment #$WomensClothing "A collection of objects. Each element of #$WomensClothing is a clothing item worn usually by women, i.e., items normally found in the women's section of department stores. Subsets include #$Skirts and #$HairPins.") ;;; #$Wood (#$isa #$Wood #$TangibleStuffCompositionType) (#$genls #$Wood #$OrganicStuff) (#$genls #$Wood #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$genls #$Wood #$PlantProduct) (#$genls #$Wood #$StructuralSupportStuff) (#$comment #$Wood "A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$Wood is a piece of solid, rigid, fibrous organic substance in or #$derivedFrom the inside of the trunks and limbs of trees. For example, any pieces of wooden furniture, doors, boards, fences, firewood, wooden spoons, etc. Use the Cyc function #$WoodFn with a collection of trees of one species, to designate the collection of all pieces of wood from a particular species of tree; e.g., (#$WoodFn #$OakTree). Note: cork and amber are NOT included in the collection #$Wood.") ;;; #$WorkAgreement (#$isa #$WorkAgreement #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$WorkAgreement #$Agreement) (#$comment #$WorkAgreement "A collection of intangible objects; a subset of #$Agreement. Every element of #$WorkAgreement is an agreement between an employer and an employee, regarding the duties and remuneration which pertain to that worker's job for that employer. Elements of #$WorkAgreement consist of various #$subAgreements, typically including elements of #$JobDescription, #$CompensationPackage, and some #$CodeOfConduct.") ;;; #$WorkStatus (#$isa #$WorkStatus #$AttributeType) (#$genls #$WorkStatus #$CompositeAttribute) (#$comment #$WorkStatus "A collection of attributes. Each element of #$WorkStatus is a classification commonly used by human resources departments to describe the status of workers on the company payroll. Note that these attributes describe a person's status in a job, rather than the position itself. Examples of #$WorkStatus include #$Commissioned, #$HourlyWork, #$FullTime, #$PartTime, #$TemporaryWork. Also see #$employeeStatus.") ;;; #$Workplace (#$isa #$Workplace #$ContactLocationType) (#$genls #$Workplace #$PhysicalContactLocation) (#$genls #$Workplace #$HumanlyOccupiedSpatialObject) (#$comment #$Workplace "The collection of places where people customarily work (not the employing organizations). #$Workplace includes offices, restaurant buildings, construction sites, agricultural sites, the #$SpaceNeedle, etc. Some places may be #$Workplaces only during a small part of their existence (a piece of residential property while the house is being built, perhaps); some may almost always be #$Workplaces (grocery store buildings, office buildings, smithies, hospitals, etc.).") ;;; #$Writing (#$isa #$Writing #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Writing #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Writing #$IBOCreation) (#$genls #$Writing #$VisualInformationConveyingAct) (#$genls #$Writing #$MakingSomething) (#$comment #$Writing "The collection of actions in which text is produced, either via writing by hand, with a typewriter, with a computer, etc. Could be a single episode of writing, or a discontinuous set of episodes (as when one writes a letter over a few days). #$Writing is not a #$Communicating, because there is not necessarily a successful transfer of information to some other agent. Of course, instances of #$Writing can be #$subEvents of such transfers.")